If you’ve ever wondered why people stand where they do on the political spectrum, science might have at least part of the answer: People can be biologically predisposed to certain feelings toward politics and society.
Credit: UC Merced
A new paper lead-authored by UC Merced graduate student Chelsea Coe indicates that physiological factors can predict how someone will react when presented with political scenarios — an idea that demonstrates an emerging area of study, the intersection of biology and politics.
In a series of experiments with more than 200 fellow students, Coe and her colleagues used a machine to measure people’s baseline physiological reactions to a series of pictures. This baseline is measured through a person’s skin-conductance response, which is taken through the sweat glands in their fingers.
“We all have that fight-or-flight response to stress, which can include feeling panicky, sweating and/or an increased heart rate,” Coe said. “And the extent of this response is different for each person. We see it as another individual trait that makes you and me different people.”
Participants were then asked about various topics including gun control, immigration, abortion, gay marriage and the Ebola outbreak, and each topic was framed in different ways. One scenario asked them to consider whether they would allow a KKK rally to come to Merced. Some students saw this presented as a “free speech” event while others saw it presented as a public safety concern.
Stress and politics
“People with a low tolerance for confrontation are not likely to favor it no matter how it is framed,” Coe said. This same scenario was given to students at Ohio State in 1997, Coe said, and the framing swayed both sets of students. “If you tell people it’s a public safety concern, they’re more likely to not allow the rally to happen. However, if you tell people that it is a free speech issue, people are more likely to allow the KKK rally to occur.”
Biology is only part of the puzzle when it comes to long-held beliefs. Understanding a person’s baseline reactions to stresses can help researchers predict who will have which political reactions.
But Coe’s study, recently published in the Journal of Politics, finds that those who are physiologically highly sensitive to threat were more likely to be persuaded by the safety concerns raised by the KKK rally than those who are less sensitive to threat.
“People are persuaded by different pieces of information,” Coe said. “But what this tells us is that you can be persuaded by some things more than others because of your physiology.”
UC Merced is one of a small group of campuses in the United States that has the physiological equipment for these kinds of studies, and Coe said there is a growing group of scientists looking at these questions in a small and close-knit community. She regularly works and connects with other universities such as Vanderbilt and Temple universities, the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and William and Mary College.
Can biology help us be more empathetic?
Through her avenue of study with her adviser, professor Stephen Nicholson, and professor Matthew Hibbing, both in the political science group in the School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, Coe has been able to travel to the other universities for conferences and workshops. She goes to talk about her projects and the methodological practices in using biological measures for research, but also to talk about the place biology has in politics.
Being published in the Journal of Politics, one of the top three publications in the political science field is important because it reaches a wider audience, she said.
She also hopes studies like these can have practical applications for non-scholars, too.
“You know, once you’re past high school or college, it becomes very difficult to change your political opinions,” Coe said. “It’s important to remember there are a lot of different reasons why people feel the way they do about political topics. But maybe if we can better understand how things like biology — something you can’t change about yourself — is behind those opinions, it can help us all be a little more empathetic to each other.”
